Pitocin is a synthetic version of a hormone called oxytocin. Doctors often administer Pitocin to stimulate uterus contractions and speed up the process of labor and childbirth.
When Pitocin is not properly administered or the mother’s response is not closely monitored, it can overstimulate the uterus causing late decelerations and a host of other side effects and complications for the baby. Hyperstimulation from the misuse of Pitocin can cause the baby to lose oxygen and suffer permanent brain damage.
What Does Pitocin Do?
When it is time for a baby to be born, the mother’s body starts to release large amounts of a hormone called oxytocin. Oxytocin stimulates the muscles in the mother’s uterus to be contracting which is how the process of labor and childbirth begins.
The drug Pitocin is a synthetically manufactured copy of the oxytocin hormone. Once absorbed into the bloodstream, Pitocin has the same effect. It causes the uterine muscles to contract.
Delivery room doctors use Pitocin for 2 things: (1) to induce contractions and start the process of labor in a mother who is past her due date, and (2) to accelerate labor that is not progressing fast enough. Pitocin is administered intravenously, either through a drip bag or a machine that automatically dispenses the dosage. Pitocin is the most common method of inducing and accelerating labor today.
No one is suggesting that Pitocin should be banned. It speeds up delivery and reduces infections. There is also no question that it comes with risks that have to be properly managed and many birth injury lawsuits are the result of doctors and nurses mismanaging Pitocin.
Dangers of Pitocin
The reason Pitocin is potentially dangerous in the delivery room is that uterus contractions can harm the baby if they are strong and if there is not adequate rest time between each contraction. Pitocin makes contractions stronger and more frequent so doctors must be very careful when using it. There are two primary dangers that doctors run into with Pitocin: (1) improper dosage; and (2) hyperstimulation.
(1) Improper Dosage
Giving the proper dosage of Pitocin is very important because too much can result in harmful contractions. How much Pitocin is too much? It depends on the woman. Getting the dosage right is very difficult because the effects on Pitocin individual women vary widely. Some women are very sensitive to Pitocin and only need a small amount. Others need larger doses to get any response.
For this reason, most hospitals have strict protocols for administering Pitocin. The dose starts very small and then increases gradually. Doctors and nurses are supposed to carefully monitor how the mother is reacting to the Pitocin before stepping up the dose, but this does not always happen. Too often the hospital delivery team pays little or no attention to how the mother is reacting to the Pitocin until it is too late.
(2) Hyperstimulation
When too much Pitocin is administered, or if a woman over-responds it triggers a reaction known as “hyperstimulation” of the uterus. This involves uterus contractions that are much too strong and with inadequate rest time between contractions.
Each time a contraction occurs it compresses the placenta and restricts oxygen to the baby. When a hyper-stimulated uterus contracts too strongly and too frequently it can result in acute oxygen deprivation.
A Pitocin overdose can cause oxygen deprivation during childbirth, can cause permanent damage to the baby’s brain, and result in injuries such as cerebral palsy.
Recurrent Variable and/or Late Decelerations are Warning Signs
The OB and the nurses monitor accelerations and decelerations in the baby’s heart rate during labor. A deceleration is a decrease in the child’s heart rate that falls below the fetal baseline heart rate. The baseline fetal heart rate is calculated by looking at the heart rate during ten minutes and rounded to the nearest five beats per minute increment.
There are three basic types of decelerations: early decelerations, late decelerations, and variable decelerations. The type of decelerations is identified by looking at its onset to peak in relation to the mother’s contractions.
Different decelerations mean different things. Most Pitocin-related birth injury cases involve variable and late decelerations. When the fetal monitor shows late decelerations, it is often a sign that the baby is in distress because the contractions are preventing oxygen from adequately transferring between the uterus and placenta.
Similarly, variable decelerations mean excessive contractions are causing recurring umbilical cord compression resulting in a lack of oxygen. If you give Pitocin and do not properly monitor the contractions and the fetal heart rate, you are creating a recipe for a potential tragedy.
Often, the worst thing for that child is more Pitocin because continued use of Pitocin promotes hyperstimulation of the uterus during periods of fetal distress. Every Pitocin protocol has to appreciate that a baby in distress needs to come off oxytocin.
This hyperstimulation is dangerous because uterine contractions under these circumstances increase the likelihood of fetal injury because the baby may have trouble breathing in between contractions.
When confronted with recurring variable and/or late decelerations, the delivery team has to suspect that the contractions are potentially causing a lack of oxygen to the baby. The baby is telling the delivery team that there is a problem.
Doctors and nurses often fail to heed the baby’s warning and discontinue the Pitocin drip, causing the baby oxygen deprivation that leads to organ failure, including brain injuries.
Hospital Protocol for Pitocin
The hospital is often responsible for the actions of its doctors or nurses. They can also be independently responsible if they have no or inadequate Pitocin protocols.
Most hospitals have protocols that limit the use of this drug when the mother is dilating, has strong contractions, or the baby has recurrent variable and/or late decelerations.
Often, the nurses and the doctors are following a flawed hospital Pitocin protocol that fails to adequately safeguard against the risks of getting a Pitocin overdose that is unsafe for the baby.
Pitocin increases the risk of excessive uterine activity, precipitous delivery, decreased fetal oxygenation, and a hypoxic-ischemic brain insult that changes the baby’s life forever.
The standard of care requires that the hospital protocol mandate continuous and adequate monitoring of contraction frequency and duration and the uterine resting tone.
If the hospital does have protocols that are ignored by the doctors and nurses, does that mean the doctors will admit responsibility? No. We have seen cases where the protocol required discontinuation of the Pitocin and t
he nurses doubled the dosage. The doctors can still find medical experts to defend doubling Pitocin when the fetus was having late decelerations.
The doctors, nurses, and hospitals fight all of these cases tooth and nail. They are always a battle, and you need the best lawyers fighting for you to achieve justice.
The Nurses Can Often Be Blamed
The standard of care requires a labor and delivery nurse to be familiar with the process of labor induction. They need to know the risks and benefits of labor-inducing drugs that are used to initiate and intensify uterine contractions. Specifically, nurses have a duty to stop Pitocin in response to a fetal heart rate that suggests uterine hyperstimulation.
That makes sense, right? Here is what might be less intuitive. The nurse has a duty to go up the chain of command if the obstetrician ignores the nurse and continues to administer these drugs when counterindicated. The failure to do so can be medical malpractice.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the Potential Danger of Using Pitocin?
The primary danger of using Pitocin to stimulate labor is that, in some women, it can cause hyperstimulation of uterine contractions. This means that Pitocin causes the mother’s uterus contractions to become too strong and/or occur too frequently. Contractions that are overly strong or too frequent can be dangerous for the baby and may disrupt the normal flow of oxygen.
What Is the Best Way to Monitor Whether Pitocin Is Doing More Harm Than Good?
Ultimately, doctors and nurses need to watch both the baby and the mother. If a doctor is going to prescribe Pitocin, it is incumbent upon them to have constant external or internal monitoring of the fetal heart rate and observation of any non-reassuring fetal heart rate patterns, particularly late decelerations.
Too often, you have a situation where the fetal monitor is showing late decelerations or other signs of distress, or contractions are 5 or more in 10 minutes, firm, or last longer than 90 seconds. This is the baby telling the healthcare providers to stop the Pitocin and take steps to quiet the uterus. Sometimes, the breakdown is that the nurses are asleep at the switch. But, often in these cases, nurses sound the appropriate alarms and the doctor is rolling his eyes because he thinks the nurse is overreacting.
How Quickly Can the Doctors “Turn Off” the Effects of Pitocin?
The half-life of Pitocin is about 3.5 minutes. This means Pitocin will cease to have an effect within 10 to 15 minutes and likely even sooner. So if Pitocin is pushing things too far the wrong way, withdrawing the Pitocin can bring it back.
But the key is turning off the Pitocin when the circumstances demand it. Continuing to administer Pitocin despite a persistent, nonreassuring fetal heart pattern is the origin of many birth injury medical malpractice claims.
Are There Rules the Doctors and Nurses Should Follow in Prescribing Pitocin?
Most hospitals have Pitocin protocols to be followed by OB/GYNs and labor and delivery nurses. What is maddening is how blithely these doctors will contend during that litigation process that it is okay to ignore these Pitocin protocols.
What Is the Nurse’s Role in Handling Pitocin?
The nurse has a bigger role than you would think. The nurse has to be able to read the strips and understand the pharmacokinetics of this drug. But what surprises people is the nurse’s independent obligation to do the right thing. The nurse has a duty to follow written protocols and exercise independent judgment by questioning the doctor’s orders.
If the doctor will not do what the nurse believes is proper, the nurse has to be a patient advocate and follow the hospital’s “chain of command.” The “chain of command” is a term that implies that a nurse should move up the medical care hierarchy when that nurse believes another medical provider may cause harm to the patient.
This usually requires her to start with her direct supervisor and take it up the chain to the physician head of the department. The bottom line is that if the nurse does not act as the patient’s advocate in this way, the nurse can also be liable for a medical malpractice lawsuit brought by the child or mother.
Can Misuse or Overdose of Pitocin Cause Placental Abruption?
Pitocin can cause uterine overstimulation of the uterus, causing or contributing to placental abruption. You know you have uterine hyperstimulation where there are strong tetanic contractions. These contractors can cause problems with decreased uteroplacental perfusion and can also cause uterine and placental rupture, cervical lacerations, and amniotic fluid embolus.
Uterine overstimulation can usually be managed quite effectively. But you have to identify the problem and remove Pitocin if you believe it may be causing the problem.
What Is Uteroplacental Perfusion and Does Pitocin Increase the Risk of It?
Uteroplacental perfusion is a decreased flow of fluid to and from the placenta. Like placental abruption, any compromise in the integrity of the placenta’s connection to the child can cause a risk of harm.
Increasing the strength, frequency, and duration of the mother’s contractions with Pitocin can impede uterine blood flow. This complication certainly does not necessarily mean that Pitocin should never have been given in the first place.
But when you see tachycardia, bradycardia, decelerations, or other nonreassuring fetal heart rate changes, you have to reconsider whether Pitocin is doing more harm to the child than good.
Placental profusion can also cause arterial hardening. The result can be hypertension that causes pre-eclampsia, which can cause serious injury or death to the baby and the mother.
Placental abruption is when the placenta separates from the wall of the uterus before childbirth. This can deprive the baby of food and oxygen.
Pitocin Related Birth Injury Settlement Payouts and Jury Awards
- 2023, Arizona: $31,550,825 Verdict. A mother-to-be went to the hospital for childbirth on June 1, 2014. She had a normal prenatal period with no problems. During childbirth, the child sustained a brain injury, leading to cerebral palsy. The family filed a birth injury lawsuit, accusing the obstetrician and the nurses of not addressing signs of insufficient blood flow and oxygen to the fetus, using Pitocin during this distress when it is obviously counterindicated, and not performing a necessary c-section in time.
- 2022, Maryland: $13,000,000 Verdict. An infant suffered brain injuries at the Upper Chesapeake Medical Center during the birthing process. His birth injury lawyers contended that the hospital should have initiated a cesarean section instead of putting and keeping the mother on Pitocin after signs of fetal distress.
- 2022, Missouri: $25,400,000 Verdict. A newborn suffered hypoxia. She developed cerebral palsy. The girl’s parents alleged negligence against the physician. They claimed she administered excessive Pitocin doses, improperly supervised a student doctor, and failed to address fetal distress. A jury awarded $25,400,000.
- 2018, Illinois: $50,000,000 Verdict. The story here is familiar. The doctors and hospital staff negligently disregard indications of fetal distress. Instead of performing an emergency C-section, doctors make the situation worse by administering Pitocin to accelerate contractions. The Pitocin increases duress and further restricts the supply of oxygen to the baby. The baby suffers prolonged oxygen deprivation. He is born blue and clinging to life. He is subsequently diagnosed with severe cerebral palsy. This requires full-time medical care and assistance for the rest of his life. The plaintiffs reject a $10 million settlement offer midway through the trial and the jury in Evanston, Illinois (12 miles north of Chicago) awards the plaintiffs $50 million. The damage award included $3 million for lost earnings capacity, $1.3 million for pain & suffering, $8.5 million for emotional distress, $12 million for future medical expenses, and $20 million for future life impairment.
- 2017, Pennsylvania: $14,448,000 Verdict. The plaintiff goes to the hospital to deliver her son. Defendants use Pitocin to begin her labor despite her already being dilated. This violates the hospital protocol because of the closeness of contractions. Before the delivery, the baby exhibits signs of fetal distress, but there is a delay in delivery. The oxygen lost during that delay changes the course of the child’s life. The boy cannot care for himself and cannot walk, sit up, or talk. It is just an unbelievable tragedy, no matter how you slice it. The jury concludes the doctor and the hospital were responsible for the tragedy and awards $14,448,000.
- 2017, Florida, $33,153,912 Verdict. A newborn suffers a large subdural hematoma (brain bleed between the skull’s periosteum and the scalp’s tissue), leading to hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy during his birth. As a result, the child needs 24-hour care for the rest of his life. Plaintiff’s birth injury lawsuit alleges that the doctors, who were federal government employees, failed to perform a cesarean section, failed to discontinue Pitocin, and failed to manage the decelerations in fetal monitor strips.
- 2016, Pennsylvania: $1,800,000 Settlement. A mother arrives at the hospital to have her labor induced. She is started on Pitocin. The doses are increased incrementally throughout the morning. After a few hours, she requests an epidural, but her membranes rupture. The Pitocin is stopped, but once the fetal heart tones become reassuring again, it is restarted. Six hours after her membranes rupture, her labor has not progressed at all. The Pitocin is continued, and changes are noted. After two hours of pushing, decreased variability is discovered in the fetus. A C-section becomes necessary. At birth, her infant has a high fever and is breathing rapidly. As a result of the delayed delivery, the baby suffers from neurological injuries and global developmental delays. The mother files the claim against the hospital, alleging negligence in failing to timely perform the C-section and in failing to realize that due to the Pitocin, the mother’s uterus was hyper-stimulated. The defendants deny negligence but agreed to a settlement amount of $1,800,000.
- 2015, New York: $52,681,017 Verdict. During labor, doctors administer Pitocin. After they administer the drug, they fail to monitor the fetal heart rate and fail to respond to symptoms developing in the mother. As a result, the newborn suffers brain damage, cerebral palsy, blindness, global developmental delays, and motor delays. She is unable to live independently. The mother brings a lawsuit for the child and awards $52,681,017.
- 2015, Florida: $18,270,052 Verdict. A mother is giving birth to her son at the hospital when the doctor mismanages her labor. The woman is given excessive doses of Pitocin, leading to a brain injury and cerebral palsy in the infant. The plaintiff is awarded $18,270,052.
- 2015, Illinois: $5,250,000 Settlement. A mother goes to the hospital to give birth to her son. She is given Pitocin, but the hospital fails to detect signs of fetal distress. As a result, her infant is born via an emergency C-section after he suffers from a lack of oxygen and brain damage. The boy’s parents file a claim on his behalf, which settles for $5,250,000.
- 2015, New York: $593,973 Settlement. An infant is born with nerve damage in her spine and Erb’s palsy of her right shoulder when, during her birth, her mother is administered Pitocin when it is not indicated. Additionally, the doctors delay the performance of a C-section. The parties settle the case for $593,973.
- 2014, Kentucky: $18,270,052 Verdict. A mother goes to the hospital to have her baby. While there, she is given excessive doses of Pitocin, resulting in uterine tachysystole (six contractions in ten minutes). The nurses failed to report the fetal heart abnormalities to her OB/GYN, resulting in a delayed medical intervention that would have prevented fetal distress. As a result of the excessive amount of Pitocin that was administered, the infant suffers a permanent brain injury resulting in cerebral palsy due to fetal distress. A jury finds the hospital to be 100% at fault and awards the woman $18,270,052.37.
- 2014, New York: $2,700,000 Settlement. A 19-year-old mother is in labor. Pitocin is ini
tiated. However, the doctors fail to recognize the signs of fetal distress and, therefore, fail to stop the Pitocin. As a result, the child suffers a lack of oxygen to his brain and neurological injuries. The child later dies at just six years old. The plaintiff argues that Pitocin should have been stopped during the second stage of labor due to excessive uterine activity. The case settles, including a wrongful death claim, before trial for $2,700,000. - 2013, Pennsylvania: $55,000,000 Verdict. The plaintiff has a slow labor progress despite the administration of Pitocin. Plaintiff argues that the large size of her baby poses a contraindication to a continued administration of Pitocin. Fetal monitoring shows concerning signs of fetal distress, but the labor is allowed to continue. The baby is born limp, blue, and is not breathing. He suffers a lack of oxygen before birth, causing cerebral palsy. Plaintiff argues a series of errors, including the failure to recognize fetal hypoxia and the failure to discontinue Pitocin when signs of strong contractions became apparent. A jury finds the OB/GYN was 50% negligent and the hospital was 50% negligent. They award the plaintiff $55,000,000.
- 2013, Oklahoma: $20,000 Settlement. The plaintiff receives prenatal and delivery services from an OB/GYN at the defendant’s office. A week before delivery, an ultrasound is done that estimates her fetus to weigh seven pounds and four ounces. While inducing delivery with Pitocin, the infant experiences shoulder dystocia. The doctors use force to combat this, which causes severe brachial plexus. The infant is left with permanent left shoulder and arm injuries requiring two surgeries. The plaintiff claims that the defendants were negligent in misinforming the doctors of the size of the infant and improperly proceeding with a vaginal delivery. Additionally, they argue that the defendants should have never used Pitocin to induce the woman’s delivery. The parties settled for $20,000.
- 2012, Illinois: $12,000,000 Settlement. A woman is admitted to the hospital for labor and delivery. Defendant OB/GYN orders Pitocin to induce labor but fails to perform a Cesarean section when the baby exhibits signs of distress. The woman brings a complaint against the hospital, alleging the failure to monitor her labor, failure to recognize the fetus was in distress, and negligent administration of Pitocin during labor. The parties settle the case for $12,000,000.
- 2012, Ohio: $8,583,000 Verdict. Defendants administer Pitocin to a mother to induce her labor. This creates a stressful utero environment, causing significant stress to the infant. The infant is delivered in a floppy state and fails to receive adequate ventilation and oxygen immediately after her birth. She suffers a loss of oxygen, sequelae of right central seizure activity due to cerebral palsy, spastic quadriplegia, cortical visual impairment, and respiratory distress syndrome. The defendants dispute the claim, denying the improper administration of Pitocin. A jury awards the plaintiff $8,583,000.
Getting a Lawyer for Your Malpractice Claim
If your child has suffered a birth injury as the result of excessive Pitocin or other mistakes during childbirth, our firm has the experience and resources to help you both get the compensation you deserve. Our birth injury attorneys are based in Maryland and most of our cases are here. But our law firm handles serious injury and death cases all over the country.
Call Miller & Zois today and speak to a birth injury medical malpractice attorney at 800-553-8082 or get an online case evaluation.
More Malpractice Claim Information
- What to expect in a birth injury case?
- Cephalopelvic disproportion misdiagnosis cases often involve the use of Pitocin which is counterindicated
- Uterine rupture malpractice claims that include some settlements and verdicts involving the use of Pitocin
- Caput succedaneum malpractice cases