Birth Injury Statistics 2025

Birth injuries generally refer to physical trauma or damage to a baby that occurs as a result of some event during labor and childbirth. Birth injuries range from minor bumps and bruises to major damage to nerves and the brain.  This page provides birth injury statistics to put the scope of this problem in context.

Nerve and brain injuries during childbirth frequently leave children with permanent physical and mental disabilities. Cerebral palsy and Erb’s palsy are just of the many serious medical conditions caused by birth injuries.

Birth injury statistics are crucial in understanding the scope of these medical events and their impact on families. Every year, thousands of children suffer from birth injuries, ranging from minor complications to severe disabilities such as cerebral palsy and Erb’s palsy. The definition of birth injuries encompasses physical trauma or damage occurring during labor or delivery, often leading to long-term complications. These injuries can result from medical negligence or unavoidable complications.

Common birth injuries include nerve damage, brain injuries, and broken bones. Understanding birth injury causes, such as improper use of medical tools like forceps or vacuum extractors, is vital. Birth accidents involving these tools often contribute to serious childbirth injuries, including brain damage and oxygen deprivation. These cases highlight the importance of medical standards of care and the need for accountability when preventable injuries occur.

The birth injury statistics summarized below clearly indicate that birth injuries are hardly a rare occurrence. Major birth injuries occur every day in hospitals across the country.

• Cerebral palsy statistics

Birth Injury Statistics

• Every year in the U.S. just under 30,000 babies are born with some form of birth injury. This means that a baby is born with a birth injury every 20 minutes.
• Birth injuries are a factor in approximately 20% of the 20,000 infant deaths that occur annually in the United States. These injuries often result from complications during labor and delivery, such as oxygen deprivation, improper use of delivery tools, or delayed responses to fetal distress. In many cases, these outcomes are preventable with appropriate medical care and timely intervention.
• Even though we average 500 birth injuries a week, this still only accounts for a relatively small percentage of total births. For every 1,000 babies delivered in the U.S., only about 6.6 of them will be born with a birth injury.
• Looking at that from another angle with slightly different numbers, NIH birth injury statistics tell us that four out of 10,000 spontaneous vaginal deliveries are children with birth injuries.
• Birth injuries are much more common with male babies compared to girls. The injury rate per 1,000 births is over 6.9 for boys compared to 5.1 for girls. The obvious reason is male babies are significantly larger (this makes passing through the birth canal more difficult).
• Do babies break bones during birth? Yes, our lawyers see this all of the time. Fractures such as a broken clavicle are a frequent consequence of difficult deliveries. Data shows that the overall rate of birth injuries in the U.S. is around 6.6 per 1,000 live births, with male babies experiencing a higher incidence than females.
• The overall cesarean delivery rate in 2023 was 32.4%, with the low-risk cesarean delivery rate at 26.6%.
• Only a small percentage of the total reported birth injuries are classified as “minor.” Over 80% of all reported birth injuries are classified as “moderate to severe” which includes things like broken bones, brain damage, and nerve damage.
• We have an infant mortality rate of 5.6 deaths per 1,000 live births, equating to 560 deaths per 100,000 live births. The leading causes of infant death were congenital malformations, low birth weight, and sudden infant death syndrome.
• Birth injuries account for 20% of all infant fatalities which makes birth injury the 4th leading cause. This means that for every 100,000 babies delivered, approximately 135 of them will die as the result of some form of birth injury.
• The rate of birth injuries in the U.S. has steadily increased each year over the last several decades. So the trend is good.  In 2022, doctors and getting smarter and they commit medical malpractice less frequently.
• Between one and two out of every 1,000 newborn babies have hydrocephalus.
• There are 20,912 infant deaths a year, a stunning statistic.
• Vacuum-assisted deliveries come with significant risks, including the potential for brain hemorrhages. These deliveries result in injury at a rate of 59 per 10,000 births. This underscores the importance of performing the procedure with caution and a high level of clinical skill to reduce the risk of serious harm.

Birth Injury Demographic Statistics

A review of the statistics for birth injuries as they relate to race, economic status, and geographic location are somewhat surprising. As the statistics below indicate, there does not appear to be any correlation between birth injury rates and race or income level. Birth injury appears to be an equal opportunity tragedy affecting all socio-economic groups at about the same rate. There is, however, a significant difference in birth injury rates based on whether you live in an urban or rural area.

• Women in the highest socioeconomic quartile experienced significantly better maternal and neonatal outcomes, such as lower rates of gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, preterm birth, and stillbirth, compared to lower-income groups, even after adjusting for confounding factors. However, these higher-SES women were slightly more likely to deliver infants with congenital anomalies, possibly due to greater financial means to continue pregnancies with known abnormalities.
• Birth injury rates are somewhat worse (i.e., higher rate) for babies insured by Medicaid compared to injury rates for babies covered by private insurance. However, babies with no insurance at all actually have better birth injury rates than privately insured newborns.
• Asian and Caucasian babies have much higher birth injury rates compared to Hispanic and African American newborns.
• The rate of birth injuries is lowest in large metropolitan areas. The birth injury rate gets higher and higher the farther away you go from large urban areas. Birth injury rates are 33% higher in the most rural areas than in large metropolitan locations.

What the Data Tells Us About Birth Injuries

The data on birth injuries paints a clear picture: while not common in the context of all deliveries, serious harm still occurs with disturbing frequency, affecting nearly 30,000 newborns in the U.S. each year. Many of these injuries, including brain damage, nerve injuries, and even fatal birth injuries, are linked to preventable errors during labor and delivery.

The fact that the most common birth injury, brachial plexus injury, often results from shoulder dystocia or improper handling during delivery, underscores the importance of timely decision-making and skillful technique. These injuries are especially likely when medical staff use forceps or vacuum extractors. The statistics on birth injuries from medical devices highlight the risks of vacuum-assisted deliveries in particular, which carry a much higher injury rate than unassisted births.

Geographic patterns also reflect disparities in outcomes. For example, birth injuries in rural areas are reported at significantly higher rates than in major urban hospitals. The lack of immediate access to emergency obstetric care may contribute to delays that increase the risk of harm. Similarly, while some injuries may be unavoidable, the elevated incidence of birth injuries in certain settings raises serious questions about adherence to standards of care.

Understanding how common birth injuries are and what typically causes them is critical not just for public health but also in legal cases. These patterns help identify situations where a birth injury likely could and should have been prevented. That is what turns a tragic outcome into a potentially actionable claim.

Most Common Types of Birth Injuries

Although birth injuries can come in almost in shape or form, there are certain types or categories of injuries to a baby that frequently result from trauma during childbirth. Below is a list of the statistically most common types of birth injuries.

• Nerve Damage: The human nervous system connects the brain to the body through a complex network of nerves. During childbirth, these nerve pathways can be damaged due to physical trauma, especially when a baby faces difficulty passing through the birth canal. One of the most common types of nerve injuries is a brachial plexus injury, which affects the bundle of nerves running through the shoulder and down to the spine. This injury is prevalent in cases of shoulder dystocia, where the baby’s shoulders get stuck during delivery. Birth injuries involving nerve damage often result in debilitating conditions like Erb’s palsy, causing weakness or paralysis in the affected arm.
• Bone Fractures: Difficult vaginal deliveries can often result in fractures to a baby’s bones. The most common type of bone fracture during childbirth is a broken clavicle (collarbone). This is because the shoulders are the widest point of the baby and frequently become stuck behind the mother’s pelvis (a common condition known as shoulder dystocia).
• Brain Injuries: The human brain requires a constant supply of both blood and oxygen to function properly. When the supply of oxygen or blood to the brain is cut off or interrupted, even for a brief moment, brain cells can die or become damaged. Once cells in the brain die, they do not regenerate. Many childbirth complications can suddenly interrupt blood and oxygen flow to the baby’s brain. If these conditions are not quickly and properly resolved, major damage to the brain will occur. Birth injuries involving brain damage can result in serious disability and permanent medical conditions such as cerebral palsy.

Why Birth Injury Statistics Matter in Legal Cases

Many of you are on this page because you are doing academic research.  You are welcome. But birth injury statistics are also critical tools in evaluating potential legal claims. These statistics provide valuable insights that can strengthen your case by helping to prove negligence, identify trends, and assess damages. For instance, data on injury rates and medical practices can be pivotal in establishing whether your healthcare provider met the accepted standard of care during labor and delivery. If your child’s injury aligns with known risk patterns, such as vacuum-assisted delivery injuries, these trends can serve as compelling evidence that supports your claim.

Additionally, understanding how often specific injuries result in long-term complications helps attorneys estimate the potential compensation needed to address your child’s care and future needs. If you believe your child’s birth injury was preventable, our experienced attorneys can guide you in exploring your legal options and pursuing justice for your family.

Contact Miller & Zois About a Potential Birth Injury Lawsuit

For families navigating the aftermath of a childbirth injury, legal and medical experts rely on statistics to assess potential claims. The average birth injury settlement varies widely depending on the severity and type of injury, with compensation often covering medical costs, therapy, and long-term care.

If your family is one of the tragic birth injuries behind the statistics, you need to seriously weigh your options. Caring for a child with a birth injury can be a serious financial hardship. Miller & Zois can review your case and determine whether your child’s birth injury was caused by medical malpractice. Call 800-553-8082.